Toxic Exposures After an Urban Wildfire: Understanding Risks and Safeguarding Your Health

By Dr. Mima MD 

Funcitonal Medicine and Toxicology specialist 

Wildfires have long been associated with rural or forested areas, but the increasing prevalence of urban wildfires poses unique challenges for public health. Urban wildfires involve not just vegetation but also synthetic materials found in homes, vehicles, and infrastructure, leading to the release of a complex mix of toxic substances into the air, water, and soil. Understanding the risks, recognizing early signs of exposure, and knowing when to seek help are crucial for protecting health.

The Toxic Cocktail of Urban Wildfires

When urban areas burn, a variety of materials combust, releasing hazardous compounds, including:

1. Carcinogens:

• Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): Released from burning organic materials and petroleum products.

• Benzene: Emitted from plastics, fuels, and industrial materials.

• Formaldehyde and Acrolein: Found in adhesives, paints, and insulation materials.

• Dioxins and Furans: Byproducts of burning plastics, pesticides, and other synthetic materials.

2. Heavy Metals:

• Lead, mercury, and arsenic can become airborne or settle into the soil and water, particularly from burning electronics, paint, or treated wood.

3. Particulate Matter (PM2.5):

• Fine particles can penetrate deep into the lungs, causing respiratory and cardiovascular damage.

4. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs):

• Chemicals like toluene and xylene are released from solvents, paints, and fuels.

Health Risks and Evidence-Based Concerns

Scientific evidence links these exposures to acute and chronic health conditions. Acute conditions include respiratory distress, worsening of asthma or other lung conditions like COPD. Eye and throat irritation is not uncommon during inhalation or exposure. Histamine reactions as related to acute allergic reactions can result in exacerbated stress and anxiety as well.

Neurological symptoms to watch out for during acute exposure that tells you that it’s time to remove yourself from the environment include headaches, dizziness, and confusion, these can occur due to VOCs and the presence of heavy metals.  Symptoms due to heavy metal toxicity can be slow and insidious and creep up 2-3 months after the exposure.  Heavy metals are difficult to detoxify from the body as they tend to chelate within the nervous system so reducing exposure upfront is best whenever possible. 

Long term exposure to these carcinogens like benzene and PAHs that are present within city fire debris can increase the risk of cancers like leukema, lung, and bladder cancer.  Persistent exposure to particulates can also result in cardiovascular disease, stroke, and chronic respiratory illness.  

Beyond the physical effects described above are mental and emotional effects due to the shock and trauma of the experience. These include anxiety, depression, PTSD and all these can be exacerbated by the exposure to environmental toxins. 

Signs and Symptoms of Toxic Exposure

It’s essential to recognize early warning signs of exposure to wildfire toxins:

1. Respiratory Symptoms:

• Persistent coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, or chest tightness.

2. Neurological Symptoms:

• Headaches, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, or unusual mood changes.

3. Dermatological Symptoms:

• Skin irritation, rashes, or chemical burns.

4. Gastrointestinal Symptoms:

• Nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain, especially if water or food contamination is suspected.

5. Long-Term Concerns:

• Unexplained weight loss, chronic fatigue, or persistent infections may warrant further investigation for toxic exposure.

Protecting Yourself and Your Community

Evidence-based strategies can help mitigate the risks of urban wildfire exposures:

1. Air Quality Monitoring:

• Use air quality indices (AQI) to determine when to stay indoors. High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters can improve indoor air quality.

2. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

• Use N95 masks or respirators to reduce inhalation of fine particles when outdoors.

3. Cleaning and Decontamination:

• Avoid bringing soot or ash indoors. Change clothes and shower after exposure. Wet-mop floors and use damp cloths for cleaning surfaces.

4. Safe Water and Food:

• Test water for contaminants if your area has been impacted. Avoid consuming produce exposed to ash or smoke without thorough washing.

5. Community Resources:

• Engage with local health departments and environmental agencies for testing and remediation services.

When to Seek Support

Professional help may be necessary if:

• Symptoms persist or worsen despite reducing exposure.

• You suspect heavy metal or carcinogen exposure, which may require specific tests (e.g., blood or urine analysis).

• Mental health concerns, such as anxiety or PTSD, interfere with daily functioning.

• Vulnerable populations, including children, pregnant individuals, and those with pre-existing health conditions, are exposed.

Moving Forward with Awareness

As urban wildfires become more frequent, awareness and preparedness are vital. Evidence-based medicine supports proactive measures like early symptom recognition, environmental monitoring, and seeking timely medical care to mitigate long-term health effects. By prioritizing health and safety, individuals and communities can reduce the risks associated with toxic exposures and rebuild resilience after such events.